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          GO语言的并发
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        <h1 id="GO语言的并发"><a href="#GO语言的并发" class="headerlink" title="GO语言的并发"></a>GO语言的并发</h1><h3 id="GO语言的并发与OS并发的区别"><a href="#GO语言的并发与OS并发的区别" class="headerlink" title="GO语言的并发与OS并发的区别"></a>GO语言的并发与OS并发的区别</h3><span id="more"></span>

<ol>
<li><strong>抽象层次</strong>：<ul>
<li><strong>Go语言的并发：</strong> Go语言提供了原生的并发支持，使用轻量级的线程（goroutines）和通道（channels）实现。Goroutines是由Go运行时系统管理的用户态线程，它们比传统的操作系统线程更轻量，可以在单一线程上同时运行成千上万个goroutines。通道是一种在goroutines之间进行通信的方式。</li>
<li><strong>操作系统的并发：</strong> 操作系统的并发通常指的是底层的硬件和操作系统内核提供的多任务执行。这包括操作系统中的进程和线程，它们是由操作系统调度和管理的执行单元。操作系统提供了进程间通信（IPC）和同步机制，允许不同的进程或线程在共享资源上进行协作。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>调度和管理</strong>：<ul>
<li><strong>Go语言的并发：</strong> Go运行时系统负责goroutines的调度和管理。它使用一种称为 “m:n” 调度的方法，将多个goroutines映射到少量的操作系统线程上。这种调度方式允许高效地管理大量的goroutines，并实现了用户态的协作式调度。</li>
<li><strong>操作系统的并发：</strong> 操作系统内核负责进程和线程的调度。内核使用先进的调度算法来决定哪个进程或线程在特定时间点执行，并负责处理中断、时钟中断等底层硬件事件。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>通信方式</strong>：<ul>
<li><strong>Go语言的并发：</strong> 通常使用通道（channels）来进行goroutines之间的通信。通道提供了一种同步和安全的方式，用于在goroutines之间传递数据。</li>
<li><strong>操作系统的并发：</strong> 通信方式包括共享内存、消息传递、信号量等。这些方式通常需要开发人员自己负责确保同步和互斥。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>目的</strong>：<ul>
<li><strong>Go语言的并发：</strong> 主要用于编写高效、简洁且安全的并发程序，以便利用多核处理器的性能。</li>
<li><strong>操作系统的并发：</strong> 用于操作系统的任务调度和管理，以支持多任务和多用户系统。</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="GO语言的CSP风格的并发"><a href="#GO语言的CSP风格的并发" class="headerlink" title="GO语言的CSP风格的并发"></a>GO语言的CSP风格的并发</h3><figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> main</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> (</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="string">&quot;fmt&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="string">&quot;time&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//jobs是只接收工作的通道，results是只发送的通道</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">worker</span><span class="params">(id <span class="type">int</span>, jobs &lt;-<span class="keyword">chan</span> <span class="type">int</span>, results <span class="keyword">chan</span>&lt;- <span class="type">int</span>)</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">for</span> job := <span class="keyword">range</span> jobs &#123;</span><br><span class="line">		fmt.Printf(<span class="string">&quot;Worker %d processing job %d\n&quot;</span>, id, job)</span><br><span class="line">		time.Sleep(time.Second)</span><br><span class="line">		results &lt;- job * <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">const</span> numJobs = <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">	jobs := <span class="built_in">make</span>(<span class="keyword">chan</span> <span class="type">int</span>, numJobs)</span><br><span class="line">	results := <span class="built_in">make</span>(<span class="keyword">chan</span> <span class="type">int</span>, numJobs)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 启动三个worker goroutines</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> i := <span class="number">1</span>; i &lt;= <span class="number">3</span>; i++ &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">go</span> worker(i, jobs, results)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 分配工作</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> j := <span class="number">1</span>; j &lt;= numJobs; j++ &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	jobs &lt;- j</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">close</span>(jobs) <span class="comment">// 关闭jobs通道，表示没有更多的工作</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 收集结果</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> a := <span class="number">1</span>; a &lt;= numJobs; a++ &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	result := &lt;-results</span><br><span class="line">	fmt.Printf(<span class="string">&quot;Result: %d\n&quot;</span>, result)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//输出</span></span><br><span class="line">Worker <span class="number">1</span> processing job <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">Worker <span class="number">2</span> processing job <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Worker <span class="number">3</span> processing job <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line">Worker <span class="number">1</span> processing job <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Worker <span class="number">2</span> processing job <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line">Result: <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">Result: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">Result: <span class="number">6</span></span><br><span class="line">Result: <span class="number">8</span></span><br><span class="line">Result: <span class="number">10</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="Goroutine调度器的原理"><a href="#Goroutine调度器的原理" class="headerlink" title="Goroutine调度器的原理"></a>Goroutine调度器的原理</h3><p><strong>G-P-M模型</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/DWJ-Squirtle/blogimage@main/43ffdbc6b2203d9400ac98423192caa8%E3%80%90%E6%B5%B7%E9%87%8F%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%9A666java.com%E3%80%91.png" alt="图片"></p>
<ul>
<li>G: 代表Goroutine，存储了Goroutine的执行栈信息、Goroutine状态以及Goroutine的任务函数等，而且G对象是可以重用的；</li>
<li>P: 代表逻辑processor，P的数量决定了系统内最大可并行的G的数量，P的最大作用还是其拥有的各种G对象队列、链表、一些缓存和状态；</li>
<li>M: M代表着真正的执行计算资源。在绑定有效的P后，进入一个调度循环，而调度循环的机制大致是 <strong>从P的本地运行队列以及全局队列中获取G，切换到G的执行栈上并执行G的函数，调用goexit做清理工作并回到M，如此反复</strong>。M并不保留G状态，这是G可以跨M调度的基础。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="G的调度方法"><a href="#G的调度方法" class="headerlink" title="G的调度方法"></a>G的调度方法</h3><p><strong>一般情况：</strong>G长时间运行会被抢占调度，Go程序启动时，运行时会去启动一个名为sysmon的M（一般称为监控线程），他会向长时间运行的G任务发出抢占调度。 <strong>如果一个G任务运行10ms，sysmon就会认为它的运行时间太久而发出抢占式调度的请求</strong></p>
<p><strong>特殊情况：</strong></p>
<p><strong>第一种：channel阻塞或网络I&#x2F;O情况下的调度。</strong></p>
<p>如果G被阻塞在某个channel操作或网络I&#x2F;O操作上时，G会被放置到某个等待（wait）队列中，而M会尝试运行P的下一个可运行的G。如果这个时候P没有可运行的G供M运行，那么M将解绑P，并进入挂起状态。当I&#x2F;O操作完成或channel操作完成，在等待队列中的G会被唤醒，标记为可运行（runnable），并被放入到某P的队列中，绑定一个M后继续执行。</p>
<p><strong>第二种：系统调用阻塞情况下的调度。</strong></p>
<p>如果G被阻塞在某个系统调用（system call）上，那么不光G会阻塞，执行这个G的M也会解绑P，与G一起进入挂起状态。如果此时有空闲的M，那么P就会和它绑定，并继续执行其他G；如果没有空闲的M，但仍然有其他G要去执行，那么Go运行时就会创建一个新M（线程）。</p>

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